November 1, 2001Z³N}Ônì!N¾p}\¢*t * N{ËZ| p{¨©Ðm¢1.1 zt=Q¥_{= ze¦ËZ¨N{
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p¶b}nd{¨ Q{¨Ðm{¨=T{¨N¾p{\}ðN¢ p²¨¨b{n¨±eËZ¡d{ f}m}l{¨^ zeÓb{_¶ ÛN{p¶¨£e ``zt=Q¥_{=''d{¨ ze¦ËZ¡=ç=b¢.1.2 N¼ðÔ ðm{ßT{d}n¨
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ÊW|d{= (knowledge) = ÛzeN{¬î÷nnª, p}Z¡N¢ N}m{^}nª
øq{b¥N{m¢=T¶ ztp{¨|T}m{=q}#zt= (¹±td{¨â) = _²n¨zt¨N¾i\¢d{ ÊW|d{ztp{¨©zv=
Z³N}Ônì = ¹±td{¨â p}\¢ p{¨|d{p{W|î Hb{¨m{¨Á=Z¨d{Ô
ztp{¨ztÚnd{¨ ïm¶Æ zeÓb{_{¨n¨.ÊW|d{ ztp{¨¨f}Èm{d}, Z³N}Ônì \²p{n*e T²l{¨Ú\{=, T}o| zeøÛ_{¹p²¨d{N}m}Ún¨Q} p²¨¨b{nl{¨|Úl¨.
2. ¹±td{¨â, Z³N}Ônìn ÛzeÑzt¨_{ Ñ~tî
----------------------------------------p¶b}n¨ N{=f½W+ T¶~td{ N}n=d{¨=ç BzeÕZ¡N¢ ¹±td{¨â, Z³N}Ônìn¨ H=_¾ @ôp{¬Ób¢ T²=b}l¨. 21p{ q{_}Òize¦ p²¨¨b{Z¡ zt=p{_{âm}ðN¢ p{¨|d{p{W|î Q¥d¾p+¨ N¾\{¨d{¨ U¶b¢=T{\{= ze«Ðm¢W·~t, p{¨|d{p{q{m¥m}ðN¢ p{¨|öN{¨Únm+ ÞiªÛ~e=Z¨d{¨ @p{Q}zvd{ T¶zt¨N{¨d{Ôb¢.
p{m{Òo+ ¹p²\{¨p²j+ (WWW) ðm¢Ù=T{\{= B=N¼N{ Q¼zeÕ Z³N{Ôo|ëN{o+ £gZ¨. b¥ðÔp}\¢ Ûzeze=T{=o¾ HN{Á\{¨d{Ôp}¹m²d}, d¶d{¨ Ad+Am{×m+o¾ d} \{zt¨Áù¨b{ Ûp}Ðzt¨d{Ô C p}Úu}ðÔ _{p{¨ zem{âd{o+ N{=ze«ÚZm+ (PC) _¾ T{b{p{Q{nm{¨.
Bø p{¨|d{p{p¶¨c{zt¨âN{¨ zRd{øVl{¨|n¨.
N}ñ p{¬Ób¢T²=b{¨_{¨d{ÔN¼Òb¥ ¹±td{¨âl²¨¨N{Á Q{p{¨Ú= `` ÛzeN{¬îð @Ñm{= T¶zt¨N¾p{\{= '' d{¨=ç `` ø¨Q{_} ìp{¦n¨ ze«Ðm¢Q} d{ú=çf½l¨d}ztm¶, ÛzeN{¬îð ze«Ðm¢Q} p{¨|d{p{ @p{ztm}nª, øo|u}nN¾zt= N{=ÛZ¾o+ T²l{¨Ú\{= '' N{¨ p{¨|m¢=b¢.
Bb¢ T}o| q¾T{ñl{¨=, Q{ãm{ñl{¨=.
2.1. @=b{m{ª ±tÕzröËzt¨o¶
p{¨d{N{¨ Bze¦Õ\{¨ _²ö~td{ ÊW|d{ztp{¨©zv= H=_{ ±eÒb{b{=Z·, KN{ p{¨ð~r _{d{ ìø_{N}n=o¾ ¹±td{¨âo¾ KN{ çd{Ô k}Q}ðÔ p{¨|Û_{p¶¨ @Óm{= T¶zt¨N¾Q{n\{¨. N{d{¨N{ Ûzeîp}w{©ä, ¹±td{¨âo¾ KN{ Ûze_¶ÚN{ q}Oo¾ p{¨|Û_{p¶¨ _{m¥Öb{¨ f»=b¢, A q}Oo¾ ±tÕzröËzt¨nl¨Ú, ø¨Q{_}q}Ond{¨Q{¨m¢=ç HN{¨Áp{ zeËZ¡=T{¨N¾N{f½p{\{= p{¨|p{¨©n¨ @l¨Ú=b¢. C ±tÕzr¹o²W·zrd+ d{¨Q{¨m¢=ç KN{ ~eËZN{c{ T²Ðf}d{¨.
T²øf½Z¨ k{m¢=T{o¶N{ KN}l{¨d{ AztÕÛîo¾ T²øq}ON{¨ p²ýä @N{Á\{ KN{ \}ËN{m{¨ð _{d{ T²ø zem¥x{T²l{¨Úp{¨ð @\¢Q}\{¨.
\}ËN{m{¨ -- Iø¨Z¡ ñ ztp{¨ztÚ?
p{ÚÐN¢ -- d¼~eÕ, T²øf½Z¨, Q¢=Q{¨m{¨p{¨d¶ q{Òi= ...
\}ËN{m{¨ -- AQ{¨, AQ{¨, p{¨¨=b{¨ I T²øo¾ C ztp{¨ztÚ D=b¾ T²ze¦Õ.
p{ÚÐN¢ -- H\{p{¨T²ø.
\}ËN{m{¨ -- u}m¥, d¶d{¨ N{¨\¢T²ø ±tÕzröËzt¨ð. ÛzeN{ÁQ{b¢o¾ð
\}ËN{m{¨ð T{ª\{¨!p{¨m¥ @=b{m{ª Bo| ±tÕzr¹o²í T¶l{¨\{= p{¨©o|d{, Hp{ßm¢N¥ p²¨¨Ð_{= ¹±td{¨â, Z³N}Ônì \²p{n*e p²¨=Z¨ HZ¨p²Ðw¾=b¥ _²öl{¨b{¨, _²n¨zt¨N¾p}nd¶ N{¨_{ªzvn= D=\{\{=o¶b{¨ N{ª\}.
2.2. C q{_}Òize¦ f}m{\}N{¨ân¨
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C N¼Ð_{q{_}Òi= p{¨|d{p{T{m¢Û_{o¾ T}o| øÍ\{©m{¹p²¨d{b¢. C N}n=o¾ Hd¾Ô f}m{\}N{¨ân¨ T{ª\{p{T{¨Æ.21p{ q{_}Òize¦ f}m{\}N{¨ân¨
----------------------------------------------------j¾o²\{¨ ztp{¨|T}m{= N}ñ _{N{¨Áp{ øp¶N{=
j¾o²\{¨ c{d{= N}ñ T}o| ób{m¢N{= Q{ª\}
j¾o²\{¨ p{Ðzt¨zt=zeb{ N}ñ _{N{¨Áp{ _{¬Ð~e
Q¼zeÕ Mzrc}n¨ N}ñ T}o| @d}m¾Q{Ú=
Hd¾Ô Z³N}Ônìn¨ N}ñ T}o| ztp{¨ztÚn¨ Q{ª\}
T}o| ïm¢N{ p¶w{ N}ñ _{N{¨Áp{ Ad{=b{=
j¾o²\{¨ Aüm{= N}ñ T}o| AN{öb{ze¦Õn¨
j¾o²\{¨ k{p{d}n¨ N}ñ @ðÔT¾ÞZ| ùc¢p}ztN{¨n¨
b¥Äm}l{¨¨ázr¨n¨ N}ñ ðzt¬Õzvìø_}n¨
@=_{p{¨¨OÚ=N}ð ztp{¨ztÚn¨ ïm{ÆQ{n ze=\¢_{¨n¨ N¼Þnn¨ @ztân¨ ztp{¨ztÚn¨ zem¢zrÁm¢=T{Q{n Ûzep{¨¨O¨n¨ @m{¨b{¨.
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2.3. Z³N}Ônì _²çƱeËZ¡d{ p{¨|m{¨Õn¨
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p{¨d{ Z³N}Ônì Ûzeze=T}ðÔ Ho| p{¨|m{¨Ðu½=b¾ C ÛN¢=b¢ Q¶l{¨= _²n¨ze¦_{¨=b¢.p{¨|d{p{ b{¨m}ÛN{p{¨^ ÛzeN{¬îð zv_{p{¨|m{¨Ðu½=b¢
AN}q{=o¾ ±eÒb{m¼b{ T¶µt øp{¨|d}n¨
HN{Á\{ T{ª~td} q{=O¨Ñu}zed{o¶
@ðÔT¾ÞZ| H$_²d{ ÛN¶d{¨n¨
p{¨ü p{¬x}nd{¨ _{¬Z¡o¾ ze\{Q¼ËZ· ¹T²d{¨u}nª
k{ªp{¨|_{N{¨ Q{¨=\²f½Z¨ N{Ãö=T¶ i¨o+ \¾VÞm{¨
ztm{ßÛ_} p{¨|d{p{¦\{¨ ÛzeN{¬îð T{=~e _{d{ zvm}ÙÚnd{¨ ðm¢ÙÐzt¨d}Ô\{¨
zeT{ÆZ¡ @\{p{¦nd{ðÔZ¡ñ N}=ÛN¥Z¨V=Q¢o+â Q} p{¨|m{¨Ðzt¨d}Ô\{¨
p{¨|d{p{ b{¨m}ÛN{p{¨^ ÛzeN{¬îð zv_{p{¨|m{¨Ðu½=b¢.
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p{¨d{T¶Ëzrn Ûzek}p{= Ûzeze=T{=o¾ B=N¶ø¨ p{¨|m{¨Õn¨ _²Ðu½=b¾ ÛN¢=b¢ ±tx{d+no¾ zem¢ûöÒb}=.3. ÞQ¾io+ p}m¢Ù=Q{¨
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KN{ p{¨¨OÚ ðm{ßT{d{=.CN¢ßöÛòl{¨= = p{T¶Æù, f½l¶¨ù ztQ{Z¨d{ ztp{¨|d{=Q} D=\¶
Ñ~tî; AZ©, f½Z© ztp{¨|d{=Q} D=\{\{=.Db}zvm{^N{¨ -- p{¨|d{p{ Vd}k} ïzt¨N¾=\¢. ze¦ËZ¨N{np{Þn Bb¢ ±em{¨Q{¨_{¨=b¢. T}p{¦np{Þn _{ÃQ{¨_{¨=b¢. ze¦ËZ¨N{n¨, T}p{¦n¨ ztm¢ztp{¨|d{=Q}D=Z· Ûzeze=T{= f}ze¦Úo¶zrd+ CN¢ßöÛòl{¨=N{¨ p{Ðzt¨=b¢. ÛzeÑzt¨_{= ze¦ËZ¨N{n¨ T}p{¦nN{d}Ô T}o| HN{¨Áp{p{\{=p{¨©o|d{ p{¨|d{p{ Vd}k} øzem¥_{=Q} ±em¢Q¢f½_¾=b¢.
B=N¼N{ Db}zvm{^ -- KN{ T²m{¨p{¦ ñZ¡ o²p{o+ ïzt¨N¾=\¢. p{ám{=p{Þn Bb¢ ±em{¨Q{¨_{¨=b¢. ñw{§ä Aø¹m²f½p{\{=p{¨©o|d{ _{ÃQ{¨_{¨=b¢. p{ám{=ñw{©ä, Aø¹m²f½_{¨d{Ôñw{©ä ztm¢ztp{¨|d{=Q}D=Z· T²m{¨p{¦ ñZ¡o²p²o+ CN¢ßöÛòl{¨=o¾ D=\{Q{nb{¨.
@ztân¨ øzrl{¨|ðN¢ p{Òb}=. zeQ{Z¡ze«Z ztªm{Úm{úÙo¾ Hd{Èm¥ð Hj}âm+× T¶~t k{ªø¨ p¶\²N{¨Á_{¨=b¢. C Hd{Èm¥ð p{¨þä k{ªø¨ µtÕzt¨o¾N¢ Bd}ÖÝm²\+ m¶\¢l¶¨zrd+ b}ßm} ze=~e=T¶Ðzt¨=b¢. ztªm{Úm{úÙd{¨=ç Hj}âm+× T¶µt Hd{Èm¥, Bd}ÖÝm²\+ m¶\¢l¶¨zrd+ Q{¨=\} il{¨ZN{¨p²ýäf½l¶¨ Hd{Èm¥ ztm¢_{ªQ¢_¶ k{ªø¨Z³=zem¶T{m+ CN¢ßöÛòl{¨=o¾ D=Z¨=b¢. Hd¾Ô q{_}Òj}nd{¨=è p²¨¨d{Ôp²¨¨d{ÔZ¡p{m{N{ª k{ªø¨Z³=zem¶T{m+ CN¢ßöÛòl{¨=o¾ D=\¶b¢.
Q}öo¾ð N¼ðÔ Q}zt¨n¨, il{¨ZN{¨ p²ýäf½l¶¨ Bd}ÖÝm²\+ m¶\¢l{¨=Z+ Hd{Èm¥o¾ N¼=_{q}_}ðÔ p{¨þä k{ªø¨¹p²ze¦ îm{Q{N¼ËZ· Q{¨^= N{Ãö D=Z|l¨. ùZ¡ð `` ÛQ¥d+ zvÀzt¨ Q}zt¨n¨ '' @=Z|m{¨.
ñZ¡Aøm¢ KN{ ÛQ¥d+ zvÀzt¨ Q}zt¨. p¶¨zR= ñZ¡ Aøm¢ztp{¨©zvp¶¨ N{b}. @=b{¨N{d¶ T{öN}n=o¾ AN}q{= p¶¨zR|p{¬_{=Q} Dd{Ô m}Ûî N{p{¨ÙZ¡ p²T{Æb{d{=_¾ ül¨Q} D=Z¨=b¢. AN}q{=o¾ p¶¨zR|n¨o¶ðm}Ûî p{^¨N{¨ ze¦ËZ· T{öQ} D=Z¨=b¢.
N}m{×d+ ¹\²AºN²â\{¨ (CO2) ñZ¡ Aøm¢N{d}Ô HN{¨Áp{q}_{= il{¨ZN{¨ p²ýäf½l¶¨ m¶\¢l{¨=Z¨ Hd{Èm¥ð k{ªø¨¹p²ze¦ Ûî~eÕN¼ËZ· ÛQ¥d+ zvÀzt¨ Q}zt¨. 18p{ q{_}Òi= p{m{N{ª Q}öo¾ CO2 q}_{=, p}n¨Ú=ðiËZ¡, 0.027 D=\¶b¢.
k{ªQ{m{Ø= d{¨=çïµt j¼ÃQ{¨, ÛN{ª\}l¨o+, d¶T{¨m{o+ Q}zt¨nd{¨ `` h}~to+ zg«Úl{¨o+â '' @=Z|m{¨. h}~to+ zg«Úl{¨o+â N}öÆd{ze¦Õ\{¨ ÛQ¥d+ zvÀzt¨ Q}zt¨n¨ ø\{¨b{nT²l{¨Úi\{_}l¨. ùZ¡o¾ HN{¨Áp{ k}Q{= CO2 .
ÛzeÑzt¨_{= p{¨d{ Z³N}ÔnìnN{ðÔZ¡N¥ T}o| Hd{Èm¥ @p{ztm{=. C Hd{Èm¥o¾ T}o|N¼Òb¢k}Q{= d{©ÚÞN¢l{¨m+ m¥IËN{Þm{d{¨=è, ¹±vÛ\¾HnËÜN¢N+ zep{m+ Þf}=ÞZd{¨=è D_{ÕÐî T¶Ðzt¨d}Ô=. HN{¨Áp{ k}Q{= h}~to+ zg«Úl{¨o+â N}öÆ D_{ÕÐîT¶Ðzt¨d}Ô=. b¥ðp{Þn p{¨d{= Q}öo¾ T}o| CO2 ð ø\{¨b{n T¶Ðzt¨d}Ô=. p{¨d{= N{öÕÐzt¨d{Ô Hl¨m+ f»nªÚzrÞd¾ Bb¢ p{¨¨OÚ¹p²¨d{b¢.
±em{¨Q{¨_{¨d{Ôp²¨¨N{Án¨ CO2 ð £eöÆ N¢m{^Vd{Úzt=l²©Q{ÛN¢l{¨_¾ b}ðo¾ð N}m{×d+ (C) ð N}m¾×¹±vÛ\¶ÞZ¨Q}p{¨|m¢Æ AN¢âVd+ (O2) ð Q}öo¾N¢ ø\{¨b{nT¶Ðu}l¨. N}ñ Vd}k} j}Q}±em¢Q¢f½p{\{=_¾, p²¨¨N{ÁnW|î @=_} £en¨ÆN{¨d¶ CO2 N{d}Ô, p{¨d{= h}~to+ zg«Úl{¨o+â N}öÆ Q}öo¾N¢ ø\{¨b{nT¶Ðzt¨d{Ô CO2 T}o| HN{¨Áp{ @l¨Ú=b¢. b¥ðp{Þn, p}_}p{m{^=o¾ CO2 CN¢ßöÛòl{¨= T²b{m¢f½l¨, b}ð q}_{= ±em{¨Q{¨_¾=b¢. Bze¦Õ\{¨ p}nªÚ=ð iËZ¡ CO2 u}_{= 0.037 N¢ ±em¢Q¢=b¢. CO2 @p²©zR¹p²¨d{ ÛQ¥d+ zvÀzt¨ Q}zt¨ @p{ß\{= p{¨©o|d{, b¥ðp{Þn Z³=zem¶T{m+ CN¢ßöÛòl{¨= T²b¢m¢f½l¨ k{ªø¨ p¶\²N{Á\{= p²¨¨b{n¨±eËZ¡=b¢. b¥ðd¶ `` ÞQ¾io+ p}m¢Ù=Q{¨ '' o¶N{ ``ÛQ¥d+ zvÀ*t p}m¢Ù=Q{¨ '' @ð ~en¨Ðu}m{¨. p{¨|d{p{¦n¨ ±eÒb{p²¨¨Ð_}no¾ h}~to+ zg«Úl{¨o+â N}öÆ Q}öo¾N¢ ø\{¨b{n T¶Ðzt¨d{Ô ÛQ¥d+ zvÀzt¨ Q}zt¨np{nd¶ C ÞQ¾io+ p}m¢Ù=Q{¨ N{Ãn¨_¾=b{ð _²n¨Ðu½=b¢.
ÛQ¥d+ zvÀ*t p}m¢Ù=Q{¨p{Þn Q{_{ 50 ø¨öl{¨Þd{ zt=p{_{âm}no¾ p²¨¨ËZp²¨¨b{Z¡u}m¢ AQ{Ëzt¨ 2000 o¾ DÐ_{m{ Ûc{¨p{= b{ÃQ{m{ b{ËZ¹p²¨d{ p{¨=T{¨Q{Í\{ N{m¢Q¢ KN{ ¹p²¨n¨f»\{p{¦ p{¨=T{¨o¶ð ñZ¡ztp{¨¨Ûb{=Q} p{¨|m¢=b{ð [1] o¾ p}Ðm{ p{çÆ=b¢. Bb¶ Ûf}=_{=o¾ 6 zt=p{_{âm}n ÛN¢_{= 9 @\{¨Q{¨n b{w{ztm¢ p{¨=T{¨Q{Í\{ Dd{ÔÞZ¨ m¢N}Ím{¨ T²l{¨Úi\¢=b¢. Q{_{ f}îN{ zt=p{_{âm}no¾ C Ûf}=_{= p}_}p{m{^= T}o| p¶\²N{Á\{= p{¨©o|d¶ Bo|Vm¢Q¢=b{ð C m¢f½Ëm{¨ T²~eÕ=b¢.
DÐ_{m}Óm{Q¾w{=o¾ ztp{¨¨Ûb{Vo|n¨ ø¨Q{_}T¾ÞZN{d}Ô zeb¢m²ÞZ¨ HN{¨Áp{Q} p¶\²N{¨Á_{¨d{ÔÞZ¨ [2] o¾ m¢f½Ëm{¨ p{çÆ=b¢. b¥ðp{Þn B=N¼N{ 30 zt=p{_{âm}no¾ @ðÔztp{¨¨Ûb}no¾d{© `` N¼m{o+ m¥zg¦â '' T{ðf½p{T{Æð C m¢f½Ëm{¨o¾ @=T{d} p¶u}m{¨.